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Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq refer to the implementation of forced displacement and the cultural Arabization of minorities (Kurds, Yezidis, Assyrians, Shabaks, Armenians, Turkmen, Mandeans), in line with settler colonialist policies, led by the Ba'athist government of Iraq from the 1960s to the early 2000s, in order to shift the demographics of North Iraq towards Arab domination. The Baath party under Saddam Hussein engaged in active expulsion of minorities from the mid-1970s onwards.〔Eva Savelsberg, Siamend Hajo, Irene Dulz. ''Effectively Urbanized - Yezidis in the Collective Towns of Sheikhan and Sinjar''. Etudes rurales 2010/2 (n°186). ISBN 9782713222955〕 In 1978 and 1979, 600 Kurdish villages were burned down and around 200,000 Kurds were deported to the other parts of the country.
The campaigns took place during the Iraqi–Kurdish conflict, being largely motivated by the Kurdish-Arab ethnic and political conflict. The Baathist policies motivating those events are sometimes referred to as "internal colonialism",〔Prof. Rimki Basu. ''International Politics: Concepts, Theories and Issues'':p103. 2012.〕 described by Dr. Francis Kofi Abiew as a "Colonial 'Arabization'" program, including large-scale Kurdish deportations and forced Arab settlement in the region.〔Francis Kofi Abiew. ''The Evolution of the Doctrine and Practice of Humanitarian Intervention'':p146. 1991.〕
==Background==
The Yezidis, the Shabaks, the Mandeans and the Christians of various confessions are ethno-religious minorities in Iraq, which historically used to be mostly concentrated in northern Iraq, and still composed a sizeable populations there by early 21st century, in line with more prominent ethnic groups of Kurds and Arabs.
Under the Iraqi Hashemite monarchy as well as the subsequent Republican regime, Yezidis were discriminated against – the measures applied included the loss of land, military repression, and efforts to forcefully enlist them in the central state’s struggle against the Kurdish National Movement.〔ICG, "Iraq’s New Battlefront: The Struggle over Ninewa". Middle East Report No. 90, 28 September 2009, p. 31.〕
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